Corrigendum to “Transition toward a fully renewable-based energy system in Chile by 2050 across power, heat, transport and desalination sectors”

This is a corrigendum to the article Transition toward a fully renewable-based energy system in Chile by 2050 across power, heat, transport and desalination sectors published by the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management with DOI: http://doi.org/10.5278/ijsepm.338

De los efectos patrimoniales tras la ruptura de la unión de hecho en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno

Las uniones de hecho son una realidad social creciente en nuestro país, no obstante nuestro ordenamiento jurídico no ha efectuado un reconocimiento expreso a estas relaciones, constatando la existencia de diversas disposiciones que aisladamente le reconocen, de modo más o menos explícito, ciertos efectos jurídicos. Sin embargo, ninguno de dichos preceptos legales entrega un concepto de unión de hecho, ni de sus requisitos, ni permite configurar la existencia de un supuesto estado civil de conviviente. Ante tal vacío, ha sido la doctrina y principalmente la jurisprudencia quienes han venido a encargarse de delimitar el concepto y los requisitos de las uniones de hecho, así como de la regulación de los efectos patrimoniales de las mismas una vez que se produce el término del concubinato. Con todo, creemos que no resulta posible regular sus efectos patrimoniales mediante la aplicación de la compensación económica establecida en la Ley de Matrimonio Civil Chilena para el caso de divorcio o nulidad matrimonial.De facto unions are a growing social reality in our country, however our legal system has not made an express recognition to these relationships, confirming the existence of various provisions alone will recognize, more or less explicit, certain legal effects. However, none of these legal precepts delivers a concept union, or its requirements, or to configure the existence of an alleged status of partner. Given this vacuum, has been the doctrine and jurisprudence mainly those who have come to take charge of defining the concept and requirements of domestic partnerships as well as the regulation of the property consequences thereof occurs once the term of the concubinage. However, we believe that it is not possible to regulate its economic effects by applying the compensation established in the Chilean Civil Marriage Act in the case of divorce or annulment

Impact of Face Image Quality Estimation on Presentation Attack Detection

Non-referential face image quality assessment methods have gained popularity as a pre-filtering step on face recognition systems. In most of them, the quality score is usually designed with face matching in mind. However, a small amount of work has been done on measuring their impact and usefulness on Presentation Attack Detection (PAD). In this paper, we study the effect of quality assessment methods on filtering bona fide and attack samples, their impact on PAD systems, and how the performance of such systems is improved when training on a filtered (by quality) dataset. On a Vision Transformer PAD algorithm, a reduction of 20% of the training dataset by removing lower quality samples allowed us to improve the BPCER by 3% in a cross-dataset test

Effects of penguin guano and moisture on nitrogen biological fixation in maritime Antarctic soils

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a high energy-demanding process that may be inhibited by penguin guano. We tested this hypothesis in Ardley Island by measuring BNF in biological soil crusts (BSC) directly within a Penguin Colony and in sites unaffected by penguins. We also explored the effect of adding guano to BSCs in sites free of the influence of penguins. Water availability is also one of the most limiting elements for life in the Antarctica, and we expected that a wetter growing season would stimulate BNF. To evaluate the effect of moisture on BNF, we added water to BSCs under laboratory conditions and estimated BNF by means of the acetylene reduction assay during three growing seasons (2012, 2013 and 2014), with contrasting temperature and precipitation conditions. The results reveal an almost complete inhibition of N fixation in the BSCs of the Penguin Colony. In sites free of ammonium and phosphate in rainwater, BNF rates reached up to 3kgNha−1 year−1 during warmer and wetter years. The addition of guano to BSCs significantly inhibited the rates of BNF. In laboratory incubations, the addition of water significantly stimulated rates of BNF during the warmer growing season with more sunshine hours. The likely increases in soil moisture levels due to climate change and glacier melting in the Antarctic Peninsula may enhance the rates of BNF. However, this may be constrained by accompanying changes in the distribution of Penguin Colonies

Estudio florístico del Area Marina Costera Protegida Francisco Coloane, Región de Magallanes, Chile

A detailed knowledge of protected areas biodiversity is a key factor to generate preservation and management policies. Asurvey on the vascular flora of Francisco Coloane Coastal Marine Protected Area is examined in this paper. The flora isrepresented by 55 families, 92 genera and 120 species. 69 of them are endemic for Chile and Argentina. The most diversefamilies are Asteraceae (11 genera/15 species), Poaceae (10 /13) and Cyperaceae (6 /12). The genera with highest numberof species are Carex and Senecio with 5 and 4 species, respectively; while 72 genera are represented by only one species.The dominant life form is herbaceous plants (74 species, 62%), followed by the sub schrubs (19 species, 16%). Twospecies constitute new records for Magallanes Region (Lupinus arboreus and Gamochaeta monticola). The 95% of theflora corresponds to native species and only 5% are exotic plants. Only 9 of 120 species have the status of endangeredspecies.Un factor clave para generar políticas de conservación y de manejo de un área protegida es el conocimiento detallado desu biodiversidad. En este trabajo documentamos la flora vascular del Área Marina Costera Protegida Francisco Coloanerepresentada por 55 familias, 92 géneros y 120 especies. De ellas 69 son endémicas para Chile y Argentina. Las familias másdiversas son: Asteraceae (11 géneros/15 especies), Poaceae (10 /13) y Cyperaceae (6 /12). Los géneros mejor representadosson Carex con 5 especies y Senecio con 4, mientras que 72 géneros están representados por una sola especie. La forma devida dominante son las hierbas (74 especies, 62%), seguidas de los subarbustos (19 especies, 16%). Dos especies son nuevosregistros para la Región de Magallanes (Lupinus arboreus y Gamochaeta monticola). El 95% de la flora corresponde aespecies nativas y un 5% a especies introducidas naturalizadas. Sólo 9 especies presentan problemas de conservación

Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells

Funding Information: This work was financed by the National Agency for Research and Development ANID-Fondecyt Iniciación Grant Number 11170800. Doctoral training of AF was supported by ANID-PFCHA/National Doctoral Scholarship No 21181286. Publisher Copyright: © Copyright © 2021 Catalán, Mansilla, Ferrier, Soto, Oleinika, Aguillón and Aravena.Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Commentary and critical discussion on ‘Decarbonizing the Chilean Electric Power System: A Prospective Analysis of Alternative Carbon Emissions Policies’

This paper is a commentary on ‘Decarbonizing the Chilean Electric Power System: A Prospective Analysis of Alternative Carbon Emissions Policies’ –an article published by Babonneau et al. in the Energies Journal. On the one hand, our aim is to point out and discuss some issues detected in the article regarding the literature review, modelling methods and cost assumptions, and, on the other hand, to provide suggestions about the use of state-of-the-art methods in the field, transparent and updated cost assumptions, key technologies to consider, and the importance of designing 100% renewable multi-energy systems. Furthermore, we end by highlighting suggestions that are key to modelling 100% renewable energy systems in the scientific context to contribute to expanding the knowledge in the field

Two Nothofagus Species in Southernmost South America Are Recording Divergent Climate Signals

Recent climatic trends, such as warming temperatures, decrease in rainfall, and extreme weather events (e.g., heatwaves), are negatively affecting the performance of forests. In northern Patagonia, such conditions have caused tree growth reduction, crown dieback, and massive die-back events. However, studies looking at these consequences in the southernmost temperate forest (Nothofagus betuloides and Nothofagus pumilio) are much scarcer, especially in southernmost South America (SSA). These forests are also under the influence of the positive phase of Antarctic Oscillation (AAO, also known as Southern Annular Mode, SAM) that has been associated with increasing trends in temperature, drought, and extreme events in the last decades. This study evaluated the growth patterns and the climatic response of eight new tree-ring chronologies from Nothofagus species located at the upper treeline along different environmental gradients in three study areas: Punta Arenas, Yendegaia National Park, and Navarino Island in SSA. The main modes of the ring-width index (RWI) variation were studied using principal component analysis (PCA). We found that PC1 has the higher loadings for sites with precipitation values over 600 mm/yr, PC2 with N. betuloides sites, and PC3 with higher loadings for sites with precipitation values below 600 mm/yr. Our best growth-climate relationships are between N. betuloides and AAO and the most northeastern site of N. pumilio with relative humidity (which coincides with heatwaves and extreme drought). The climatic signals imprinted in the southernmost forests are sensitive to climatic variability, the climate forcing AAO, and the effects of climate change in the last decades.Fil: Soto-Rogel, Pamela. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; Alemania. Cape Horn International Center; ChileFil: Aravena, Juan Carlos. Universidad de Magallanes; Chile. Cape Horn International Center; ChileFil: Villalba, Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Bringas, Christian. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Meier, Wolfgang Jens-Henrik. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; AlemaniaFil: Gonzalez Reyes, Álvaro. Centro Fondap de Investigación En Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes; Chile. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Grießinger, Jussi. Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg; Alemani

+A 5680-year tree-ring temperature record for southern South America

It is widely documented that the Earth’s surface temperatures have increased in recent decades. However, temperature increment patterns are not uniform around the globe, showing different or even contrasting trends. Here we present a mean maximum summer temperature record, based on tree-ring widths, over the past 5682 years (3672BC e 2009AD) for southern South America (SSA), covering from mid-Holocene to the present. This is the longest such record for the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and expands available annual proxy climate records for this region in more than 2060 years. Our record explains 49% of the temperature variation, and documents two major warm periods between 3140 e2800BC and 70BC e 150AD, which coincide with the lack of evidence of glacier advances in SSA. Recent decades in the reconstruction (1959e2009) show a warming trend that is not exceptional in the context of the last five millennia. The long-term relationship between our temperature reconstruction and a reconstructed total solar irradiance record, with coinciding cycles at 293, 372, 432e434, 512 and 746 years, indicate a persistent influence of solar forcing on centennial climate variability in SSA. At interannual to interdecadal scales, reconstructed temperature is mainly related to the internal climate variability of the Pacific Ocean, including El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and longer oscillations. Our ~ study reveals the need to characterize regional-scale climate variability and its drivers, which in the context of global-scale processes such as anthropogenic warming, interact to modulate local climate affecting humans and ecosystems.Fil: Lara, Antonio. Center for Climate and Resilience Research; Chile. Universidad Austral de Chile; Chile. Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos; ChileFil: Villalba, Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Urrutia Jalabert, Rocío. Center for Climate and Resilience Research; Chile. Instituto Forestal; Chile. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: González Reyes, Álvaro. Center for Climate and Resilience Research; Chile. Universidad Austral de Chile; Chile. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Aravena, Juan Carlos. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Luckman, Brian Henry. Western University; CanadáFil: Cuq, Emilio. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Rodríguez, Carmen Gloria. Universidad Austral de Chile; ChileFil: Wolodarsky Franke, Alexia. Cooperativa Calahuala; Chil

Late Holocene Glacial Fluctuations of Schiaparelli Glacier at Monte Sarmiento Massif, Tierra del Fuego (54°24′ S)

The Magallanes–Tierra del Fuego region, Southern Patagonia (53–56° S) features a plethora of fjords and remote and isolated islands, and hosts several thousand glaciers. The number of investigated glaciers with respect to the multiple Neoglacial advances is based on a few individual studies and is still fragmentary, which complicates the interpretation of the glacial dynamics in the southernmost part of America. Schiaparelli Glacier (54°24′ S, 70°50′ W), located at the western side of the Cordillera Darwin, was selected for tree-ring-based and radiocarbon dating of the glacial deposits. One focus of the study was to address to the potential dating uncertainties that arise by the use of Nothofagus spp. as a pioneer species. A robust analysis of the age–height relationship, missing the pith of the tree (pith offset), and site-specific ecesis time revealed a total uncertainty value of ±5–9 years. Three adjacent terminal moraines were identified, which increasingly tapered towards the glacier, with oldest deposition dates of 1749 ± 5 CE, 1789 ± 5 CE, and 1867 ± 5 CE. Radiocarbon dates of trunks incorporated within the terminal moraine system indicate at least three phases of cumulative glacial activity within the last 2300 years that coincide with the Neoglacial phases of the Southern Patagonian Icefield and adjacent mountain glaciers. The sub-recent trunks revealed the first evidence of a Neoglacial advance between ~600 BCE and 100 CE, which so far has not been substantiated in the Magallanes–Tierra del Fuego region